A number of cancer driver genes with functional abnormalities that trigger malignant transformation and that are required for the survival of cancer cells have been identified.Therapeutic

High Content Screening agents targeting some of these cancer drivers have been successfully developed,resulting in substantial improvements in clinical symptom amelioration and outcomes in a subset of cancer patients.However,because such therapeutic drugs often benefit only a limited number of patients,the successes of clinical development and applications rely on the ability to identify those patients who are sensitive to the targeted therapies.Thus,biomarkers that can predict treatment responses are critical for the success of precision therapy for cancer patients and of anticancer drug development.This review discusses the molecular heterogeneity

of lung cancer pathogenesis;predictive biomarkers PARP assay for precision medicine in lung cancer therapy with drugs targeting epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK),c-ros oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase[ROSl),and immune checkpoints;biomarkers associated with resistance to these therapeutics;and approaches to identify predictive biomarkers in anticancer drug development.The identification of predictive biomarkers during anticancer drug development is expected to greatly facilitate such development because it will increase the chance of success or reduce the attrition rate.Additionally,such identification will accelerate the drug approval process by providing 因为 effective patient stratification strategies in clinical trials to reduce the sample size

required to demonstrate clinical benefits.
Historically,non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) is divided into squamous and nonsquamous subtypes based on histologic features.With a growing number of oncogenic drivers being identified in squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC,this malignancy has been recently divided into several distinct subtypes according to the specific molecular alterations.This new paradigm has substantially highlighted the treatment of advanced NSCLC,shifting it from standard chemotherapy according to specific histologic subtypes to targeted therapy according to specific oncogenic drivers.The application of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs) in NSCLC patients harboring activating EGFR mutations has been a representative model of precise medicine in the treatment of NSCLC.